Modifiche

[[Image:Montblanc-InkBottle.jpg|thumb|An ebonite [[Montblanc]] travel inkwell]]

[[File:Montblanc-InkBottle-Closed.jpg|thumb|An ebonite [[Montblanc]] travel inkwell]]

The <includeonly>[[Ebonite]]</includeonly><noinclude>Ebonite</noinclude> (often called ''hard rubber'' or also ''vulcanite'' in some old advertisements) is a <includeonly>material</includeonly><noinclude>[[materials|material]]</noinclude> invented<ref>see the [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanite italian] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonite english] entries of Wikipedia, which, however, present some discrepancies, in particular on the attribution of the invention to O. Meyer and T. Hancock for the first and Charles Goodyear for the second.</ref> in 1843 and produced by a rubber vulcanization process in which the natural rubber is mixed with a variable percentage (from 20 to 50%) of sulfur, and hardened by keeping it at high temperature for a prolonged time (a few hours around 150°C). Hard rubber is generally produced in sheets, bars or slabs, which must be subsequently processed; in fact, it is not possible to make it with a mould.

The <includeonly>[[Ebonite]]</includeonly><noinclude>Ebonite</noinclude> (often called ''hard rubber'' or also ''vulcanite'' in some old advertisements) is a <includeonly>material</includeonly><noinclude>[[materials|material]]</noinclude> invented<ref>see the [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanite italian] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonite english] entries of Wikipedia, which, however, present some discrepancies, in particular on the attribution of the invention to O. Meyer and T. Hancock for the first and Charles Goodyear for the second.</ref> in 1843 and produced by a rubber vulcanization process in which the natural rubber is mixed with a variable percentage (from 20 to 50%) of sulfur, and hardened by keeping it at high temperature for a prolonged time (a few hours around 150°C). Hard rubber is generally produced in sheets, bars or slabs, which must be subsequently processed; in fact, it is not possible to make it with a mould.

The natural color of ebonite is black, the only other colors that can be obtained with relative ease are orange, thanks to the use of cinnabar, or dark red (with the use of hematite).<ref>for more technical details you can refer to this [https://web.archive.org/web/20120106092952/http://www.kamakurapens.com/Archive/TheRHRPen.html article].</ref> This has given rise to several processes, from the classic [[RHR|red hard rubber]], to the various combinations of red and black ebonite ([[Mottled]], [[Rippled]], etc..) up to the production, carried out essentially by the [[Waterman]]<ref>even if some [[Tibaldi]] [[Tibaldi Flattop|models]] in coloured ebonite are known.</ref> in its obstinacy not to abandon this material, of colours such as green, blue, yellow and pink. But in the end none of these colours could compete with the brilliance offered by the new materials, and in particular by the [[celluloid]], and ebonite has been progressively abandoned as a material used for the body of the pen, remaining however used until today in the production of the [[feed]]s.<ref>even if today this happens only for the most valuable pens, since this material cannot be moulded.</ref>

The natural color of ebonite is black, the only other colors that can be obtained with relative ease are orange, thanks to the use of cinnabar, or dark red (with the use of hematite).<ref>for more technical details you can refer to this [https://web.archive.org/web/20120106092952/http://www.kamakurapens.com/Archive/TheRHRPen.html article].</ref> This has given rise to several processes, from the classic [[RHR|red hard rubber]], to the various combinations of red and black ebonite ([[Mottled]], [[Rippled]], etc..) up to the production, carried out essentially by the [[Waterman]]<ref>even if some [[Tibaldi]] [[Tibaldi Flattop|models]] in coloured ebonite are known.</ref> in its obstinacy not to abandon this material, of colours such as green, blue, yellow and pink. But in the end none of these colours could compete with the brilliance offered by the new materials, and in particular by the [[celluloid]], and ebonite has been progressively abandoned as a material used for the body of the pen, remaining however used until today in the production of the [[feed]]s.<ref>even if today this happens only for the most valuable pens, since this material cannot be moulded.</ref>

<noinclude>

<noinclude>

== External References ==

== External References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120106092952/http://www.kamakurapens.com/Archive/TheRHRPen.html] Article about red ebonite

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120106092952/http://www.kamakurapens.com/Archive/TheRHRPen.html] Article about red ebonite

* [http://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=2134] A forum discussion about ebonite cleaning

* [http://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=2134] A forum discussion about ebonite cleaning

* [http://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=9228#p115300] A discussion on the reconstruction of ebonite with cyanoacrylate

* [http://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=9228#p115300] A discussion on the reconstruction of ebonite with cyanoacrylate

[[Category:Translated Pages]]

[[Category:Translated Pages]]

</noinclude>

</noinclude>