Modifiche

In addition to the direct use, celluloid lends itself to combination with other materials, in particular [[Carter]] realized a characteristic iridescent material, named [[Pearltex]], combining the celluloid with nacre. A similar effect is in celluloid called ''[[Abalone]]'' by [[Sheaffer]].

In addition to the direct use, celluloid lends itself to combination with other materials, in particular [[Carter]] realized a characteristic iridescent material, named [[Pearltex]], combining the celluloid with nacre. A similar effect is in celluloid called ''[[Abalone]]'' by [[Sheaffer]].

[[File:Aurora-Internazionale-Serie-Color-Body.jpg|thumb|left|Esempio di diverse colorazioni]]

[[File:Aurora-Internazionale-Serie-Color-Body.jpg|thumb|left|Example of different colors]]

Per le sue caratteristiche di resistenza meccanica, infrangibilità, impermeabilità, per la facilità di lavorazione e ma soprattutto per l'infinita capacità di colorazioni diverse, a partire dalla metà degli anni '20 la celluloide divenne il principale materiale usato dai produttori di penne stilografiche e rimase tale fino agli anni '40 quando iniziò la diffusione delle varie [[:Category:Materiali#Resina plastica|resine plastiche]].  

For its mechanical strength, for beeing unbreakable and waterproof, for ease of processing and above all for the almost infinite capacity of being made in different colors and patterns (a classification is in [[Elenco tipologie celluloide|this page]]) from the mid '20s celluloid became the main material used by fountain pens manufacturers and it remained so until the '40s when the [[plastic resin]] started to spread.  

Benché su alcuni testi sia riportato che la celluloide venne introdotta sul mercato dalla [[Sheaffer]] in realtà la prima azienda americana ad averla usata estensivamente nella sua produzione è stata la [[LeBoeuf]], che la utilizzò per le proprie penne a partire dal 1920 circa grazie ad un brevetto ({{Cite patent|US|1302935}}) per la produzione di tubi in questo materiale, la [[Conway Stewart]] ne contesta il primato, asserendo di essere stato il primo costruttore ad aver prodotto (sempre in quegli anni) la prima penna in celluloide.  

Although some book reported that the celluloid was introduced on the market by [[Sheaffer]] actually the first American company to have used it extensively in its production was [[LeBoeuf]], who used it for its fountain pen starting from about 1920 thanks to a patent ({{Cite patent|US|1302935}}) for the production of pipes in this material, the [[Conway Stewart]] contends  this leadership, asserting that they were the first manufacturer to have produced (still in those years) the first pen in celluloid.  

In realtà esistono riferimenti alla produzione di penne in celluloide fino dal 1905<ref>David Nishimura in [http://www.fountainpennetwork.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=136998&st=0&gopid=1360934&#entry1360934 questa discussione] fa riferimento ad un articolo del 1905 che parla di penne in celluloide (nera).</ref> ma in questo caso si tratta comunque di celluloide nera, e non di quella celluloide realizzata in molteplici colorazioni e motivi che diventerà il materiale più significativo a partire dalla seconda metà degli anni '20.

In fact, there are references to the production of celluloid pens up since 1905<ref>David Nishimura in [http://www.fountainpennetwork.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=136998&st=0&gopid=1360934&#entry1360934 this discussion] refers to a 1905 article that speaks of (black) celluloid pens.</ref> but in this case it is still black celluloid, and not the one made in multiple colors and patterns which will become the most significant material from the second half of the 20s.<noinclude>

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== External references ==

== Note ==

* [https://journals.openedition.org/cahierscfv/799] Quality Matters for Historical Plastics: The Past-Making of Cellulose Nitrates for Future Preservation

<references/>

* [http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/cellulose_ethers.html] Evaluation of Cellulose Ethers for Conservation

* [http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/cellulose_ethers.html] Evaluation of Cellulose Ethers for Conservation

* [http://pickcollecting.presspublisher.us/issue/summer-2010/article/pick-degradation] Sulla degradazione dei plettri

* [http://pickcollecting.presspublisher.us/issue/summer-2010/article/pick-degradation] On picks degradation

* [http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic30-02-003_3.html] Celluloid objects: their chemistry and preservation

* [http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic30-02-003_3.html] Celluloid objects: their chemistry and preservation

* [http://www.chogokindx.com/wp/degrado-della-plastica.html] degradazione delle plastiche

* [http://www.chogokindx.com/wp/degrado-della-plastica.html] degradation of plastics

* [http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Henley-s-20th-Century-Formulas-Recipes-Processes-Vol1/Solvents-for-Celluloid.html] Ricette di solventi per celluloide

* [http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Henley-s-20th-Century-Formulas-Recipes-Processes-Vol1/Solvents-for-Celluloid.html] Solvent recipes for celluloid

* [http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Henley-s-20th-Century-Formulas-Recipes-Processes-Vol1/Mending-Celluloid.html] Ancora ricette

* [http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Henley-s-20th-Century-Formulas-Recipes-Processes-Vol1/Mending-Celluloid.html] More recipes

* [http://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=11452] Discussione sul forum

* [http://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=11452] Forum discussion

[[Category:Materiali]]

[[Category:Translated Pages]]

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