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<noinclude></noinclude>''Hardtmuth'' (or ''"L & C Hardtmuth"''), more commonly known as ''"[[Koh-i-Noor]] Hardtmudt"'', is a historic producer of pencils and office supplies that was founded in [[1790]] by ''Joseph Hardtmudt'', which in [[1802]] patented the first pencil made of clay and coal. Born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the company was transferred from the sons of the founder from Vienna to České Budějovice, currently in the Czech Republic. The company introduced in [[1889]] the line of pencils ''"Koh-i-Noor"'', called by the same name of the famous diamond to magnify their quality. To distinguish them, they were painted in yellow, a color that from then has become a classic for pencils.  

<noinclude></noinclude>''Hardtmuth'' (or ''"L & C Hardtmuth"''), more commonly known as ''"[[Koh-i-Noor]] Hardtmudt"'', is a historic producer of pencils and office supplies that was founded in [[1790]] by ''Joseph Hardtmudt'' in Vienna as an earthenware factory, which in [[1802]] patented a pencil made of clay and coal.<ref>although the successors of the American subsidiary proclaim on [https://www.kohinoorusa.com/about their site] inventors of the first graphite mine, the record belongs to [[Conté]] with a patent dated [[1785]].</ref> Established in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in [[1848]] the factory was transferred by the sons of the founder from Vienna to České Budějovice, currently in the Czech Republic. The company introduced in [[1889]] the line of pencils ''"Koh-i-Noor"'', called by the same name of the famous diamond to magnify their quality. To distinguish them, they were painted in yellow, a color that from then has become a classic for pencils.  

The ''Koh-i-Noor'' brand became the hallmark of the company, that with [[Faber Castell]] was one of the leading European pencils producers and is still on the market in the field of stationery and drawing tools. Not many details are known about the company's own productions of fountain pens, although there are some advertisements around the 1930s that show them under their own brand name, but very little is known about them. The company has marketed in several cases pens produced by others (in particular it marketed throughout Europe the [[Waterman]], for which it maintained representation until the First World War), but sometimes it has also marketed pens under its own brand.

The ''Koh-i-Noor'' brand became the hallmark of the company, that with [[Faber Castell]] was one of the leading European pencils producers and is still on the market in the field of stationery and drawing tools. In [[1919]] the American branch was opened in Bloomsbury, New Jersey, and in [[1931]] factories in Poland and Romania were opened in cooperation with the then [[Johan Faber A. G.|Johann Faber]].<ref>according to [https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp118887/l-c-hardtmuth this reference].</ref>After World War II the factories in the eastern countries (Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia) were nationalized, while the American subsidiary separated from the parent company, becoming ''"Koh-i-noor USA"''. Only the Austrian company retained its original ownership. In [[1957]] the [[Rotring|Riepe Works]] ceded to the ''"Koh-i-noor USA"'' the rights to the {{Cite patent|US|3020884}} of the ''"Rapidograph"''. To date, the European rights for the ''"L. & C. Hardtmuth"'' and ''"Koh-I-Noor"'' trademarks are held by ''"Crayomine"'', founded in [[1960]] in Vaduz.

 

The company's activities in the fountain pen market derive mainly from the marketing of pens produced by others; in particular it marketed [[Waterman]] throughout Europe, for which they were the official agent until World War I. But sometimes there was also a marketing of own-brand fountain pens. Not many details are known about the company's own productions, although there are some advertisements around the 1930s that show own-branded ones but about which very little is known, and there is evidence of relations with the [[Union Vulpenhouderfabriek]] in the 1950s.<ref>like the one illustrated in [https://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?t=32006 this presentation] on the Italian forum.</ref>

Refererences:

Refererences:

[http://pencils.wikia.com/wiki/L%26C_Hardtmuth], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth], [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-I-Noor_Hardtmuth]

[http://pencils.wikia.com/wiki/L%26C_Hardtmuth], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth], [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-I-Noor_Hardtmuth], [https://www.kohinoorusa.com/about], [https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp118887/l-c-hardtmuth], [https://forum.fountainpen.it/viewtopic.php?t=32043]

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<noinclude>==Notes==

<references/>

{{BrandData|Founder=Joseph Hardtmudt|Date=1790|ProdDate=1990|Place=Vienna|Country=AT}}

{{BrandData|Founder=Joseph Hardtmudt|Date=1790|ProdDate=1990|Place=Vienna|Country=AT}}

{{CategorizeOtherBrand|Austria}}</noinclude>

{{CategorizeBrand|Austria|Small brand}}</noinclude>